Nikolai G. Lehtinen: Publications

Contents

• Theses
• Refereed Articles
• Conference Proceedings
• Conference Presentations
• Non-conference talks
• Popular publications about my research

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Theses

• Lehtinen, N. G. (1994), On instabilities of Alfven range oscillations in the ionosphere. Translation of Specialist Diploma, Nizhniy Novgorod State University (NNSU), Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia.
• Lehtinen, N. G. (2000), Relativistic Runaway Electrons Above Thunderstorms, Ph. D. Thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
  • 1-sided
  • 2-sided with contents
  • Fokker-Planck equation (expanded Appendix B)
  • Defense slides

Refereed Articles

1. Lekhtinen, N. G., G. A. Markov and S. M. Fainstein (1995), Excitation of an ionospheric Alfven resonator by a plasma wave discharge, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, 38(3-4), 312-317. Translated in: (1995) Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics, 38(3-4), 204-207, doi:10.1007/BF01037901.
2. Lehtinen, N. G., M. Walt, U. S. Inan, T. F. Bell and V. P. Pasko (1996), γ-ray emission produced by a relativistic beam of runaway electrons accelerated by quasi-electronstatic thundercloud fields, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23(19), 2645-2648, doi:10.1029/96GL02573.
3. Lehtinen, N. G., T. F. Bell, V. P. Pasko and U. S. Inan (1997), A two-dimensional model of runaway electron beams driven by quasi-electrostatic thundercloud fields, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(21), 2639-2642, doi:10.1029/97GL52738.
4. Lehtinen, N. G., T. F. Bell and U. S. Inan (1999), Monte Carlo Simulation of Runaway MeV Electron Breakdown with Application to Red Sprites and Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes, J. Geophys. Res., 104(A11), 24699-24712, November 1, doi:10.1029/1999JA900335.
5. Inan, U. S., N. G. Lehtinen, S. J. Lev-Tov, M. P. Johnson , T. F. Bell and K. Hurley(1999), Ionization of the lower ionosphere by γ-rays from a magnetar: Detection of a low energy (3-10 keV) component, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(22), 3357-3360, doi:10.1029/1999GL010690.
6. Lehtinen, N. G., U. S. Inan and T. F. Bell (2000), Trapped energetic electron curtains produced by thunderstorm driven relativistic runaway electrons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(8), 1095-1098, doi:10.1029/1999GL010765.
7. Lehtinen, N. G., U. S. Inan and T. F. Bell (2001), Effects of Thunderstorm Driven Runaway Electrons in the Conjugate Hemisphere: Purple Sprites, Ionization Enhancements and Gamma Rays, J. Geophys. Res., 106(A12), 28841-28856, doi:10.1029/2000JA000160.
8. Lehtinen, N. G., S. Adam, G. Gratta, T. K. Berger and M. J. Buckingham (2002), Sensitivity of an underwater acoustic array to ultra-high energy neutrinos, Astropart. Phys., 17(3), 279-292, doi:10.1016/S0927-6505(01)00158-X.
9. Lehtinen, N. G., P. W. Gorham, A. R. Jacobson and R. A. Roussel-Dupre (2004), FORTE satellite constraints on ultrahigh energy cosmic particle fluxes, Phys. Rev. D, 69, 013008, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.013008.
10. Vandenbroucke, J., G. Gratta and N. Lehtinen (2005), Experimental study of acoustic ultra-high-energy neutrino detection, Astrophys. J., 621(1), 301-312, doi:10.1086/425336.
11. Inan, U. S. and N. G. Lehtinen (2005), Production of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes by an electromagnetic pulse from a lightning return stroke, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(19), L19818, doi:10.1029/2005GL023702.
12. Lehtinen, N. G. and U. S. Inan (2007), Possible persistent ionization caused by giant blue jets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L08804, doi:10.1029/2006GL029051.
13. Inan, U. S., N. G. Lehtinen, R. C. Moore, K Hurley, S. Boggs, D. M. Smith, and G. J. Fishman (2007), Massive disturbance of the daytime lower ionosphere by the giant γ-ray flare from magnetar SGR 1806–20, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L08103, doi:10.1029/2006GL029145.
14. Carlson, B. E., N. G. Lehtinen and U. S. Inan (2007), Constraints on terrestrial gamma ray flash production from satellite observation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L08809, doi:10.1029/2006GL029229.
15. Lehtinen, N. G. and U. S. Inan (2008), Radiation of ELF/VLF waves by harmonically varying currents into a stratified ionosphere with application to radiation by a modulated electrojet, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A06301, doi:10.1029/2007JA012911.
16. Gorham, P. W., N. G. Lehtinen, G. S. Varner, J. J. Beatty, A. Connolly, P. Chen, M. E. Conde, W. Gai, C. Hast, C. L. Hebert, C. Miki, R. Konecny, J. Kowalski, J. Ng, J. G. Power, K. Reil, L. Ruckman, D. Saltzberg, B. T. Stokes, and D. Walz (2008), Observations of microwave continuum emission from air shower plasmas, Phys. Rev. D, 78, 032007, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.78.032007.
17. Carlson B. E., N. G. Lehtinen, U. S. Inan (2008), Runaway relativistic electron avalanche seeding in the Earth's atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A10307, doi:10.1029/2008JA013210.
18. Piddyachiy D., U. S. Inan, T. F. Bell, N. G. Lehtinen and M. Parrot (2008), DEMETER observations of an intense upgoing column of ELF/VLF radiation excited by the HAARP HF heater, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A10308, doi:10.1029/2008JA013208.
19. Parrot, M., U. S. Inan, and N. G. Lehtinen (2008), V-shaped VLF streaks recorded on DEMETER above powerful thunderstorms, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A10310, doi:10.1029/2008JA013336.
20. Parrot, M., U. Inan, N. Lehtinen, E. Blanc, and J. L. Pinçon (2008), HF signatures of powerful lightning recorded on DEMETER, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A11321, doi:10.1029/2008JA013323.
21. Lehtinen, N. G. and U. S. Inan (2009), Full-wave modeling of transionospheric propagation of VLF waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L03104, doi:10.1029/2008GL036535.
22. M. Parrot, U. S. Inan, N. G. Lehtinen, and J. L. Pinçon (2009), Penetration of lightning MF signals to the upper ionosphere over VLF ground‐based transmitters, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A12318, doi:10.1029/2009JA014598.
23. Carlson, B. E., N. G. Lehtinen, and U. S. Inan (2009), Terrestrial gamma ray flash production by lightning current pulses, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A00E08, doi:10.1029/2009JA014531.
24. Carlson , B. E., N. G. Lehtinen, and U. S. Inan (2010), Neutron production in terrestrial gamma ray flashes, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A00E19, doi:10.1029/2009JA014696.
25. Lehtinen, N. G., R. A. Marshall, and U. S. Inan (2010), Full-wave modeling of “early” VLF perturbations caused by lightning electromagnetic pulses, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A00E40, doi:10.1029/2009JA014776.
26. Cohen , M. B., U. S. Inan, M. Gołkowski, and N. G. Lehtinen (2010), On the generation of ELF/VLF waves for long‐distance propagation via steerable HF heating of the lower ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A07322, doi:10.1029/2009JA015170.
27. Marshall, R. A., R. T. Newsome, N. G. Lehtinen, N. Lavassar, and U. S. Inan (2010), Optical signatures of radiation belt electron precipitation induced by ground-based VLF transmitters, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A08206, doi:10.1029/2010JA015394. See also correction.
28. Carlson, B. E., N. G. Lehtinen, and U. S. Inan (2010), Terrestrial gamma ray flash production by active lightning leader channels, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A10324, doi:10.1029/2010JA015647.
29. Foust, F. R., U. S. Inan, T. Bell, and N. G. Lehtinen (2010), Quasi-electrostatic whistler mode wave excitation by linear scattering of EM whistler mode waves from magnetic field-aligned density irregularities, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A11310, doi:10.1029/2010JA015850.
30. Golden, D. I., M. Spasojevic, F. R. Foust, N. G. Lehtinen, N. P. Meredith, and U. S. Inan (2010), Role of the plasmapause in dictating the ground accessibility of ELF/VLF chorus, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A11211, doi:10.1029/2010JA015955.
31. Cohen, M. B., U. S. Inan, D. Piddyachiy, N. G. Lehtinen, and M. Gołkowski (2011), Magnetospheric injection of ELF/VLF waves with modulated or steered HF heating of the lower ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A06308, doi:10.1029/2010JA016194.
32. Jin, G., M. Spasojevic, M. B. Cohen, U. S. Inan, and N. G. Lehtinen (2011), The relationship between geophysical conditions and ELF amplitude in modulated heating experiments at HAARP: Modeling and experimental results, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A07310, doi:10.1029/2011JA016664.
33. Marshall, R. A., J. Bortnik, N. Lehtinen, and S. Chakrabarti (2011), Optical signatures of lightning-induced electron precipitation, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A08214, doi:10.1029/2011JA016728.
34. Cotts, B. R. T., U. S. Inan, and N. G. Lehtinen (2011), Longitudinal dependence of lightning-induced electron precipitation, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A10206, doi:10.1029/2011JA016581.
35. T. Gjesteland, N. Østgaard, A. B. Collier, B. E. Carlson, M. B. Cohen, and N. G. Lehtinen (2011), Confining the angular distribution of terrestrial gamma ray flash emission, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A11313, doi:10.1029/2011JA016716.
36. El-Lemdani Mazouz, F., J.-L. Pincon, M. Parrot, H. De Feraudy, N. G. Lehtinen, and F. Lefeuvre (2011), Asymmetric V-shaped streaks recorded on board DEMETER satellite above powerful thunderstorms, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A11321, doi:10.1029/2011JA016794.
37. Lehtinen, N. G. (2012), A waveguide model of the return stroke channel with a “metamaterial” corona, Radio Sci., 47, RS1003, doi:10.1029/2011RS004749.

Conference Proceedings

1. Lehtinen, N. G., P. W. Gorham, A. R. Jacobson, and R. A. Roussel-Dupre (2003), The FORTE VHF instrument as a high-energy cosmic ray detector, Particle Astrophysics Instrumentation, ed. P. W. Gorham, Proceedings of SPIE, 4858, 296-304, doi:10.1117/12.458545.
2. Hebert, C., P. Gorham, N. Lehtinen, M. Rosen, W. Gai, M. Conde, J. Powers and R. Konecny (2004), Detection of high energy particles using radio frequency signals, Calorimetry in Particle Physics: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference; Perugia, Italy; 29 March-2 April 2004; doi:10.1142/9789812701978_0035.
3. Carlson, B. E., N. G. Lehtinen, and U. S. Inan (2009), Observations of terrestrial gamma-ray flash electrons, in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings Series, 1118, N. B. Crosby, T.-Y. Huang, and M. J. Rycroft (eds.), 84-91, AIP, doi:10.1063/1.3137717.

Conference Presentations

1994

• Markov, G. A. and N. G. Lehtinen, Excitation of Ionospheric Alfven Resonator by Plasma-Wave Discharge, Oral presentation at Second International Scientific School-Seminar on Dynamic and Stochastic Wave Phenomena; Nizhniy Novgorod - Moscow - Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia; June 21-28, 1994.

1995

• Lehtinen, N. G., M. Walt, U.S. Inan, T. F. Bell and V. P. Pasko, X-Ray Emissions Produced by a Relativistic Beam of Runaway Electrons Accelerated by a Quasi-Electrostatic Thundercloud Fields, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA, USA; Abstract A32C-16; December 11-15, 1995.

1996

• Lehtinen, N. G., M. Walt, U.S. Inan, T. F. Bell and V. P. Pasko, Gamma-Ray Emission Produced by a Relativistic Beam of Runaway Electrons Accelerated by a Quasi-Electrostatic Thundercloud Fields, Poster presentation at 11th Summer NSF CEDAR Workshop; Boulder, CO, USA; June 16-22, 1996.
• Lehtinen, N. G., T. F. Bell, V. P. Pasko, and U. S. Inan, A Two-Dimensional Model of Runaway Electron Beams Driven by Quasi-Electrostatic Thundercloud Fields, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA, USA; Abstract A11A-16; December 15-19, 1996.

1997

• Lehtinen, N. G., T. F. Bell, V. P. Pasko, and U. S. Inan, A two-dimensional model of runaway electron beams driven by quasi-electrostatic thundercloud fields. Poster presentation at 12th Summer NSF CEDAR Workshop; Boulder, CO, USA; June 8-13, 1997.
• Lehtinen, N. G., A Two-Dimensional Model of Runaway Electron Beams Driven by Quasi-Electrostatic Thundercloud Fields, Oral presentation at IEEE AP-S International Symposium and URSI North American Radio Science Meeting; Montreal, Quebec, Canada; July 13-18, 1997; INVITED (part of student paper competition).
• Lehtinen, N. G., A Two-Dimensional Model of Runaway Electron Beams Driven by Quasi-Electrostatic Thundercloud Fields, Poster presentation at IEEE AP-S International Symposium and URSI North American Radio Science Meeting; Montreal, Quebec, Canada; July 13-18, 1997; INVITED (part of student paper competition).
• Lehtinen, N. G., A Two-Dimensional Model of Runaway Electron Beams Driven by Quasi-Electrostatic Thundercloud Fields, Oral presentation at IEEE AP-S International Symposium and URSI North American Radio Science Meeting; Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Abstract GH 113.7; July 13-18, 1997.
• Lehtinen, N. G., T. F. Bell, and U. S. Inan, Monte Carlo Simulation of Runaway Electron Breakdown in the Presence of a Static Magnetic Field with Application to the Phenomena of Red Sprites and Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA, USA; Abstract A22C-9; December 8-12, 1997.

1998

• Lehtinen, N. G., T. F. Bell, U. S. Inan and V. P. Pasko, Monte Carlo Simulation of Runaway Electron Breakdown in the Presence of a Static Magnetic Field with Application to the Phenomenon of Red Sprites, Oral presentation at National Radio Science Meeting; Boulder, CO, USA; Abstract G/H-3.8; January 5-9, 1998.
• Lehtinen, N. G., T. F. Bell and U. S. Inan, Monte Carlo Model of Runaway Electrons in the Upper Atmosphere, Poster presentation at RF Ionospheric Interactions Workshop; Santa Fe, NM, USA; April 19-20, 1998.
• Lehtinen, N. G., T. F. Bell and U. S. Inan, Monte Carlo Model of Runaway Electrons in the Mesosphere, Poster presentation at 13th Summer NSF CEDAR Workshop; Boulder, CO, USA; June 7-12, 1998.
• Lehtinen, N. G., U. S. Inan and T. F. Bell, Effects of Upward Driven Runaway Electrons in the Conjugate Hemisphere: Conjugate Sprites? Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA, USA; Abstract A31A-25; December 6-10, 1998.

1999

• Lehtinen, N. G., Monte Carlo Simulation of Runaway MeV Electron Breakdown in the Presence of a Static Magnetic Field with Application to the Phenomenon of Red Sprites and Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes, Oral presentation at National Radio Science Meeting; Boulder, CO, USA; January 4-8, 1999; INVITED (part of student paper competition).
• Lehtinen, N. G., U. S. Inan and T. F. Bell, Nonuniform runaway in the presence of a magnetic field, Oral presentation at National Radio Science Meeting; Boulder, CO, USA; Abstract G/H3.8; January 4-8, 1999.
• Lehtinen, N. G., U. S. Inan, and T. F. Bell, Effects of thunderstorm-related energetic runaway electrons in the conjugate hemisphere, Poster presentation at 14th Summer NSF CEDAR Workshop; Boulder, CO, USA; June 13-18, 1999.
• Lehtinen, N. G., U. S. Inan and T. F. Bell, Energetic Runaway Electrons in the Atmposphere, Oral presentation at XXVIth General Assembly of the International Union of Radio Science; Toronto, Canada; Abstract GH2.7; August 13-21, 1999.
• Lehtinen, N. G., U. S. Inan and T. F. Bell, Nonuniform Runaway Electron Avalanche above Thunderstorms and Effects in the Conjugate Hemisphere, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA, USA; Abstract A51B-07; December 13-17, 1999.

2002

• Lehtinen, N. G., P. W. Gorham, A. R. Jacobson, and R. A. Roussel-Dupre, The FORTE VLF instrument as a high-energy cosmic ray detector, Oral presentation at SPIE Meeting; Waikoloa, HI, USA; 22-23 August 2002.

2004

• Lehtinen, N. and P. Gorham, Cosmic ray detection with radio signals, Oral presentation at AUGER Mini-Symposium; Argonne National Laboratory, IL, USA; January 14, 2004.

2005

• Lehtinen, N. G., Monte Carlo modelling of relativistic runaway electrons and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, Oral presentation at Seminar on Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes and Lightning Associated Phenomena; Berkeley, CA, USA; 15 February 15, 2005.
• Lehtinen, N. G., Theoretical study of ionospheric modification and ELF/VLF wave generation by HAARP, Poster presentation at XXVIIIth General Assembly of International Union of Radio Science (URSI); New Dehli, India; Abstract HG2P.2(0879); October 23-29, 2005 (part of Young Scientist competition).
• Lehtinen, N. G. and U. S. Inan, Conditions for production of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, Oral presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA, USA; Eos Trans. AGU, 86(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract AE13A-05; 5-9 December 2005.

2006

• Lehtinen, N. G. and U. S. Inan, Ionospheric modification and ELF/VLF wave generation by HAARP, Oral presentation at National Radio Science Meeting; Boulder, CO; Abstract G/H3-5; January 4-7, 2006.
• Lehtinen, N. G. and U. S. Inan, Non-Maxwellian model of ionospheric heating by HF radiation, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco; Abstract SA53B-1379; 11-15 December, 2006.
• B. Carlson, N. Lehtinen and U. Inan, Constraints on Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flash Production Derived From Satellite Observations, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco; Abstract AE31A-1039; 11-15 December, 2006.

2007

• Lehtinen, N. G. and U. S. Inan, Comparison of non-Maxwellian and Maxwellian models of ionospheric heating by HF radiation, Poster presentation at RF Ionospheric Interactions Workshop; Santa Fe, NM; 22-25 April 2007.
• Carlson, B.E., N. G. Lehtinen, U. S. Inan, Conditions and constraints on production of Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGF), Oral presentation at CEDAR/DASI Workshop; Santa Fe, NM; 24-29 June 2007; INVITED.
• Lehtinen, N. G., B. E. Carlson, U. S. Inan and T. F. Bell, Theoretical studies of terrestrial gamma flashes and relativistic runaway electrons, Oral presentation at URSI North American Radio Science Meeting; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Abstract URSI297; 22-26 July 2007; INVITED.
• Carlson, B., N. G. Lehtinen and U. S. Inan, Runaway Relativistic Electron Avalanche Seeding Efficiency, Oral presentation at IUGG XXIV General Assembly; Perugia, Italy; Abstract JAS006-412; July 2-13, 2007.
• Lehtinen, N. G. and U. S. Inan, Emission of ELF/VLF Waves by a Modulated Electrojet upwards into the Ionosphere and into the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA; Abstract SA11A-0297; 10-14 December 2007.
• Cohen, M. B., U. S. Inan, M. Gołkowski and N. G. Lehtinen, Geometric modulation: A new method of ELF/VLF wave generation with continuous HF heating of the auroral electrojet, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA; Abstract SA11A-0292; 10-14 December 2007.
• Cotts, B. R., U. S. Inan and N. G. Lehtinen, Daytime Early VLF Perturbations Exhibiting Long Recoveries and Wide-angle Scattering, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA; Abstract AE23A-0907; 10-14 December 2007.

2008

• Lehtinen, N. G. and U. S. Inan, Possible Persistent Ionization Caused by Giant Blue Jets, Oral presentation at National Radio Science Meeting; Boulder, CO; Abstract GH5-9; January 3-6, 2008; INVITED.
• Carlson, B. E., N. G. Lehtinen and U. S. Inan, Energetic Electrons Accompanying Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes, Oral presentation at National Radio Science Meeting; Boulder, CO; Abstract GH7-5; January 3-6, 2008.
• Lehtinen, N. G., Stanford full-wave modeling, Oral presentation at Remediation of Enhanced Radiation Belts Workshop; Lake Arrowhead, CA; 3-6 March 2008; INVITED.
• Lehtinen, N. G., Theoretical Modeling of HF Heating and ELF Generation, Oral presentation at Remediation of Enhanced Radiation Belts Workshop; Lake Arrowhead, CA; 3-6 March 2008; INVITED.
• Lehtinen, N. G. and U. S. Inan, ELF/VLF Emissions from HAARP, Poster presentation at RF Ionospheric Interactions Workshop; Boulder, CO; 22-25 April 2008.
• Carlson, B, N. G. Lehtinen and U. S. Inan, Energetic Electrons Accompanying Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes, Oral presentation at CEDAR Workshop; Midway, UT; 16-21 June 2008; INVITED.
• Lehtinen, N. G. and U. S. Inan, Generation of ELF/VLF waves by an ionospheric heater at the geomagnetic equator, Poster presentation at XXIX General Assembly of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI); Chicago, IL; Abstract GP1-GHE.16; 7-16 August, 2008.
• Piddyachiy, D., U. S. Inan, T. F. Bell, M. Parrot and N. G. Lehtinen, DEMETER observations of a column of intense up-going ELF/VLF radiation excited by the HAARP HF heater, Oral presentation at XXIX General Assembly of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI); Chicago, IL; Abstract HP-HG1.8; 7-16 August, 2008.
• Carlson, B. E., N. G. Lehtinen and U. S. Inan, Observations and Implications of Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flash Electrons, Oral presentation at Workshop on Coupling of Thunderstorms and Lightning Discharges to Near-Earth Space; Corte, France, June 23-27, 2008.
• Lehtinen, N. G. and U. S. Inan, ELF/VLF Wave Radiation by an Equatorial Ionospheric Heater, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA; Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract SA43B-1594; 15-19 December 2008.
• Carlson, B., N. Lehtinen and U. Inan, Terrestrial gamma-ray flash electron observation with SAMPEX, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA; Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract AE11A-0286; 15-19 December 2008.
• Bell, T. F., U. S. Inan, N. Lehtinen, K. Graf and M. Parrot, Carlson, B., N. Lehtinen and U. Inan, DEMETER observations of plasma density irregularities induced above powerful VLF transmitters and their connection with energetic proton precipitation from the radiation belts, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA; Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract SA43B-1583; 15-19 December 2008.
• Cohen, M. B., U. S. Inan, N. G. Lehtinen and M. A. Gołkowski, Optimizing ELF/VLF generation via HF heating utilizing beam motion, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA; Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract SA42A-08; 15-19 December 2008.

2009

• Lehtinen, N. G. and U. S. Inan, ELF/VLF Wave Radiation Produced by an Equatorial Ionospheric Heater, Oral presentation at National Radio Science Meeting; Boulder, CO; Abstract HG2-9; January 5-8, 2009.
• Cohen, M. B., U. S. Inan, M. Gołkowski, N. G. Lehtinen and D. Piddyachiy, ELF/VLF Generation Experiments at the HAARP Facility, Oral presentation at National Radio Science Meeting; Boulder, CO; Abstract HG2-1; January 5-8, 2009.
• Carlson, B. E., N. G. Lehtinen and U. S. Inan, Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flash Electron Observations by the SAMPEX Satellite and their Implications, Oral presentation at National Radio Science Meeting; Boulder, CO; Abstract GH3b-2; January 5-8, 2009.
• Lehtinen, N. G., Theoretical modeling of full wave propagation and rapid ionospheric chemistry, Oral presentation at ONR Lightning-ionosphere Workshop; Stanford University, Stanford, CA; February 12-13, 2009; INVITED.
• Lehtinen, N. G., Theoretical Modeling of HF Heating and ELF/VLF Generation, Oral presentation at MURI, Radiation Belt Remediation, HAARP and DSX Workshop; Stanford University, Stanford, CA; February 18-19, 2009; INVITED.
• Lehtinen, N. G., HF Modulated ELF/VLF Generation: Upward and Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide Excitation and Trans-Ionospheric Propagation, Oral Presentation at 15th Annual RF Ionospheric Interactions Workshop; Millennium Harvest House, Boulder, CO; 19-22 April, 2009; INVITED.
• Lehtinen, N. G., Full-Wave Modelling of ELF/VLF Effects, Oral presentation at AGU Chapman Conference on the Effects of Thunderstorm and Lightning in the Upper Atmosphere; Penn State University, State College, PA, USA; 10-14 May, 2009; INVITED.
• Carlson, B. E., N. G. Lehtinen and U. S. Inan, Simulations of Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes from Storm to Satellite, Poster presentation at AGU Chapman Conference on the Effects of Thunderstorm and Lightning in the Upper Atmosphere; Penn State University, State College, PA, USA; 10-14 May, 2009.
• Carlson, B. E., N. G. Lehtinen and U. S. Inan, Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flash Production by Lightning Current Pulses, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA; Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract AE33B-0308; 14-18 December 2009.
• Lehtinen, N. G., M. Cohen and U. S. Inan, Scattering of VLF waves on HF-heated D-region disturbances, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA; Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract SA13A-1469; 14-18 December 2009.
• Cotts, B. R., U. S. Inan and N. G. Lehtinen, Theoretical prediction of longitude dependence of electron precipitation due to lightning, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA; Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract SM23A-1582; 14-18 December 2009.
• Cohen, M., U. S. Inan, M. Gołkowski, N. G. Lehtinen and D. Piddyachiy, ELF/VLF Wave Generation with the HAARP Facility, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA; Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract SA13A-1467; 14-18 December 2009.
• T. Adachi, S. A. Cummer, J. Li, N. G. Lehtinen, Y. Takahashi, R. Hsu, H. Su, A. B. Chen, S. B. Mende and H. U. Frey, Current moment waveforms in sprite/halo producing lightning derived from satellite optical measurements, Poster presentation at AGU Fall Meeting; San Francisco, CA; Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract AE33A-0287; 14-18 December 2009.

2010

• Lehtinen, N. G., M. B. Cohen, K. Graf and U. S. Inan, VLF signatures of D-region disturbances, Oral presentation at USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting; University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; Abstract GH1-2; January 6-9, 2010.
• Cohen, M. B., U. S. Inan, N. G. Lehtinen and M. Gołkowski, On the generation of ELF/VLF waves into the Earth-ionosphere waveguide with steerable HF heating of the lower ionosphere, Oral presentation at USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting; University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; Abstract GH1-3; January 6-9, 2010.
• Graf, K. L, U. S. Inan and N. G. Lehtinen, Reevaluating subionospheric detection of transmitter-induced precipitation of inner radiation belt electrons, Oral presentation at USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting; University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; Abstract GH1-4; January 6-9, 2010.
• Carlson, B. E., N. G. Lehtinen and U. S. Inan, Terrestrial gamma-flash production by lightning leaders, Oral presentation at USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting; University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; Abstract HG1-10; January 6-9, 2010.
• Lehtinen, N. G., U. S. Inan and M. B. Cohen, VLF effects of D-region modification, Poster presentation at 16th RF Ionospheric Interactions Workshop; Hilton Hotel, Santa Fe, NM; Poster 8; April 18-21, 2010.
• Carlson, B. E., N. G. Lehtinen, and U. S. Inan, Terrestrial gamma-ray flash production by lightning leader channels, Oral presentation at CEDAR Workshop; Boulder, CO, June 20-25, 2010; INVITED.
• Cohen, M., R. Said, B. E. Carlson, N. G. Lehtinen, U. S. Inan, M. S. Briggs, G. J. Fishman, V. Connaughton, S. A. Cummer, Lightning Discharges Producing Beams of Relativistic Runaway Electrons Into Space, Poster presentation at 2010 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, CA; Abstract AE11A-0322; 13-17 Dec, 2010.
• Marshall, R. A., J. Bortnik, N. G. Lehtinen, Optical Signatures of Lightning-induced Electron Precipitation, Oral presentation at 2010 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, CA; Abstract AE13B-01; 13-17 Dec, 2010; INVITED.
• Lehtinen, N. G., T. F. Bell, U. S. Inan, J. J. Colman, VLF radiation from lightning, Oral presentation at 2010 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, CA; Abstract AE13B-02; 13-17 Dec, 2010.
• Liang, C., B. E. Carlson, N. G. Lehtinen, M. Cohen, D. Lauben, U. S. Inan, Toward a Time-Domain Fractal Lightning Simulation, Oral presentation at 2010 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, CA; Abstract AE23A-01; 13-17 Dec, 2010.
• Piddyachiy, D., T. F. Bell, U. S. Inan, M. Cohen, N. G. Lehtinen, M. Parrot, Spatial Power Distribution of ELF Radiation Induced by HF Heating of the Ionosphere, Oral presentation at 2010 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, CA; Abstract SA31C-05; 13-17 Dec, 2010.
• Jin, G., M. Spasojevic, M. Cohen, N. G. Lehtinen, U. S. Inan, Optimal Geophysical Conditions for ELF/VLF Generation in Modulated Heating Experiments, Oral presentation at 2010 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, CA; Abstract SA32A-02; 13-17 Dec, 2010.
• Bell, T. F., F. Foust, U. S. Inan, N. G. Lehtinen, VLF Transmitter Signal Power Loss to Quasi-Electrostatic Whistler Mode Waves in Regions Containing Plasma Density Irregularities, Poster presentation at 2010 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, CA; Abstract SA33A-1757; 13-17 Dec, 2010.
• Carlson, B. E., N. G. Lehtinen, M. Cohen, G. J. Fishman, C. Kouveliotou, A. van der Horst, V. Chaplan, U. S. Inan, VLF Radio Observations and Modeling of the Ionospheric Effects of SGR 1550-5418, Poster presentation at 2010 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, CA; Abstract SA43B-1761; 13-17 Dec, 2010.

2011

• Carlson, B. E., N. G. Lehtinen, M. B. Cohen, G. J. Fishman, C. Kouvelioutou, A. van der Horst, V. Chaplan, U. S. Inan, VLF RADIO OBSERVATIONS OF IONOSPHERIC PERTURBATIONS PRODUCED BY SOFT GAMMA-RAY REPEATER 1550-5418, Oral presentation at USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO; Abstract GH1-2; January 5-8, 2011.
• Lehtinen, N. G., T. F. Bell, U. S. Inan, EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL D-REGION DISTURBANCES ON THE TRANSIONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION OF VLF WAVES, Oral presentation at USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO; Abstract GH1-3; January 5-8, 2011.
• Jin, G., M. Spasojevic, M. B. Cohen, N. G. Lehtinen, U. S. Inan, OPTIMAL GEOPHYSICAL CONDITIONS FOR ELF/VLF GENERATION IN MODULATED HEATING EXPERIMENTS, Oral presentation at USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO; Abstract GH1-4; January 5-8, 2011.
• Liang, C., B. Carlson, N. G. Lehtinen, M. B. Cohen, D. S. Lauben, U. S. Inan, TOWARD A TIME-DOMAIN FRACTAL LIGHTNING SIMULATION, Oral presentation at USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO; Abstract HG1-7; January 5-8, 2011.
• Cohen, M. B., B. E. Carlson, R. K. Said, U. S. Inan, N. G. Lehtinen, M. S. Briggs, V. Connaughton, G. Fishman, S. Cummer, GAMMA RAYS AND ELECTRON BEAMS FROM LIGHTNING DISCHARGES, Oral presentation at USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO; Abstract HG2-2; January 5-8, 2011.
• Lehtinen, N. G., T. F. Bell and U. S. Inan, Transionospheric VLF scattering on artificial D-region disturbances, Poster presentation at 17th RF Ionospheric Interactions Workshop; Hilton Hotel, Santa Fe, NM; 17-20 April 2011.
• Carlson, B. E., C. Liang, N. G. Lehtinen, M. B. Cohen, D. S. Lauben and U. S. Inan, EXAMINING LIGHTNING CHANNEL ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES WITH TIME DOMAIN FRACTAL LIGHTNING MODELING, Oral presentation at XXX General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of Internation Union of Radio Science (XXX URSI GASS), Istanbul, Turkey; Paper E09.3; 13-20 August, 2011.
• Gjesteland, T., N. Ostgaard, A. B. Collier, B. E. Carlson, M. B. Cohen and N. G. Lehtinen, CONFINING THE ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF TGF EMISSION, Oral presentation at XXX General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of Internation Union of Radio Science (XXX URSI GASS), Istanbul, Turkey; Paper GHE1.3; 13-20 August, 2011.
• Jin, G., M. Spasojevic, M. B. Cohen, U. S. Inan and N. G. Lehtinen, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GEOPHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND ELF AMPLITUDE IN MODULATED HEATING EXPERIMENTS AT HAARP: MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS, Oral presentation at XXX General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of Internation Union of Radio Science (XXX URSI GASS), Istanbul, Turkey; Paper HG3.2; 13-20 August, 2011.
• Lehtinen, N. G., T. F. Bell and U. S. Inan, THE CONTRIBUTION OF ARTIFICIAL D-REGION DISTURBANCES TO THE IONOSPHERIC VLF WAVE ENVIRONMENT, Oral presentation at XXX General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of Internation Union of Radio Science (XXX URSI GASS), Istanbul, Turkey; Paper HG3.4; 13-20 August, 2011.
• Graf, K. L., U. S. Inan, M. Spasojevic and N. G. Lehtinen, EXTENDED HEATING OF THE NIGHTTIME D REGION BY VERY LOW FREQUENCY TRANSMITTERS, Oral presentation at XXX General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of Internation Union of Radio Science (XXX URSI GASS), Istanbul, Turkey; Paper HP2.12; 13-20 August, 2011.
• Lehtinen, N. G., T. F. Bell and U. S. Inan, Full-wave method of calculation of electromagnetic fields in stratified media, Oral presentation at International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA'11) and IEEE-APS Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications (IEEE APWC'11), Torino (Turin), Italy; Paper 231; September 12-16, 2011; INVITED.
• Carlson, B. E., C. Liang, P. M. Bitzer, H. J. Christian, N. G. Lehtinen and U. S. Inan, Interpretation of field change array data with time domain fractal lightning modeling, Oral presentation at 2011 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, CA; Abstract AE12A-05; 5-9 December, 2011.
• El-Lemdani Mazouz, F., J.-L. Pincon, M. Parrot, H. De Feraudy, N. G. Lehtinen and F. Lefeuvre, Asymmetric V shaped streaks recorded on board DEMETER satellite above powerful thunderstorms, Poster presentation at 2011 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, CA; Abstract AE21A-0227; 5-9 December, 2011.
• Cohen, M., M. Gołkowski, N. G. Lehtinen, U. S. Inan and M. Parrot, Detection of Magnetospherically Ducted VLF Signals Geomagnetically Conjugate to a Russian Alpha Transmitter at L=1.9, Oral presentation at 2011 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, CA; Abstract SM22A-02; 5-9 December, 2011.
• Qiu, L., N. G. Lehtinen and U. S. Inan, Effects of Earth"s curvature in full-wave modeling of VLF propagation, Poster presentation at 2011 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, CA; Abstract AE33A-0282; 5-9 December, 2011.
• Piddyachiy, D., T. F. Bell, U. S. Inan, F. Foust, N. G. Lehtinen and M. Parrot, Properties of Regions of ELF Radiation Induced by HF Ionospheric Heating, Poster presentation at 2011 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, CA; Abstract SA43A-1880; 5-9 December, 2011.
• Graf, K. L., M. Spasojevic, U. S. Inan, R. A. Marshall, F. Foust and N. G. Lehtinen, Extended heating of the nighttime D region by very low frequency transmitters: Subionospheric observations & modeling, Poster presentation at 2011 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, CA; Abstract SA43A-1885; 5-9 December, 2011.
• Lehtinen, N. G., T. F. Bell and U. S. Inan, Saturation Effects in the VLF Scattering off Strongly Heated Ionosphere, Poster presentation at 2011 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, CA; Abstract SA43A-1887; 5-9 December, 2011.

2012

• Compston, A. J., R. Said, I. Linscott, M. Cohen, U. Inan, N. Lehtinen and M. Parrot, LIGHTNING INDUCED SFERICS CORRELATED WITH WHISTLER PROPAGATION, Oral presentation at USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO; Abstract HG1-5; January 4-7, 2012.
• Lehtinen, N. G., A WAVEGUIDE MODEL OF THE RETURN STROKE CHANNEL WITH A METAMATERIAL CORONA, Oral presentation at USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO; Abstract HG1-10; January 4-7, 2012.
• Liang, C., B. E. Carlson, P. M. Bitzer, H. J. Christian, N. G. Lehtinen and U. S. Inan, TIME DOMAIN FRACTAL LIGHTNING MODELING STUDY OF FIELD CHANGE ARRAY DATA, Oral presentation at USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO; Abstract E1-5; January 4-7, 2012.
• Cohen, M. B., M. A. Golkowski, N. G. Lehtinen, U. S. Inan and M. Parrot, WHISTLER MODE SIGNALS AT L=1.9 CONJUGATE TO A RUSSIAN ALPHA TRANSMITTER: STATISTICS AND MODELING, Oral presentation at USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO; Abstract H3-2; January 4-7, 2012.
• Lauben, D. S., T. F. Bell, N. G. Lehtinen and U. S. Inan, ENHANCED SCATTERING AT SELECTED ELECTRON ENERGIES BY DISPERSING LIGHTNING WHISTLERS, Oral presentation at USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO; Abstract H3-8; January 4-7, 2012.
• Lehtinen, N. G., T. F. Bell and U. S. Inan, SATURATION EFFECTS IN THE VLF SCATTERING OFF HF HEATED IONOSPHERE, Oral presentation at USNC-URSI National Radio Science Meeting, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO; Abstract GH1-2; January 4-7, 2012.

Non-conference talks

1. Lehtinen, N. G., “Monte Carlo Simulations of Relativistic Runaway Electrons and Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes (TGF)”, EE350 Seminar, Stanford, March 9, 2005.
2. Lehtinen, N. G., U. S. Inan, B. E. Carlson and T. F. Bell, “Terrestrial Gamma Flashes and Relativistic Runaway Electrons”. EE350 Seminar, Stanford, February 6, 2008.
3. Лехтинен, Н. Г., Т. Ф. Белл и У. С. Инан, Полно-волновой метод вычисления электромагнитного поля в слоистых средах и его геофизические приложения, Приглашённый доклад на семинаре Нижегородского научного центра, Отделение геофизических исследований ИПФ РАН, Нижний Новгород, 31 августа 2011 года.

Popular publications

1. "1998 starburst more powerful than 3,000 years of sunshine, Stanford and UC Berkeley report" (University of California, Berkeley, News release, 12/14/99) [html].
2. "Pop Goes The Neutrino" (New Scientist, April 14, 2001)
3. "Neutrino Whispers in the Sea" (Science, June 3, 2002) [pdf]
4. "Neutrino Hunters Borrow Military Ears--and Eyes" (Science, October 4, 2002)
5. Umran Inan, "Gamma Rays Made on Earth" (Science, February 18, 2005)
6. (a highlight of the above Science article) "De bouffées de rayons gamma dans l'atmosphère de la Terre" (Le Figaro, February 22, 2005)[pdf]
7. Alexander V. Gurevich and Kirill P. Zybin, "Runaway Breakdown and the Mysteries of Lightning" (Physics Today, May 2005)

1. Terrestrial gamma-ray flash
2. Runaway breakdown

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